(T4)

A．HANDLE

B．ON

C．CONTINUED TO A.THE TREND WAS NATURALLY MOST OBVIOUS IN THOSE AREAS OF SCIENCE BASED ESPECIALLY(T1)______A MATHEMATICAL OR LABORATORY TRAINING

B．AMATEURS, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAVE(T2)______PURSUE LOCAL STUDIES

C．ONE MAN COULD CONTINUE TO(T3)______THE INFORMATION SPECIALIZATION CAN BE SEEN AS A RESPONSE TO THE PROBLEM OF AN INCREASING ACCUMULATION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDG

E．BY SPLITTING UP THE SUBJECT MATTER INTO SMALLER UNITS,(T4)_____AND USE IT AS THE BASIS FOR FURTHER RESEARC

H．BUT SPECIALIZATION WAS ONLY ONEOF A SERIES OF RELATED DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AFFECTING THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATIO

N.ANOTHER WAS THE GROWING PROFESSIONALISATION OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY. NO CLEAR-CUT DISTINCTION CAN BE DRAWN BETWEEN PROFESSIONALS AND AMATEURS IN SCIENCE:EXCEPTIONS CAN BE FOUND TO ANY RUL

E．NEVERTHELESS, THE WORD "AMATEUR" DOES CARRY A CONNOTATION THAT THE PERSON CONCERNED IS NOT FULLY INTEGRATED INTO THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY AND, IN PARTICULAR, MAY NOT FULLY SHARE ITS VALUES.THE GROWTH OF SPECIALIZATION IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, WITH ITS CONSEQUENT REQUIREMENT OF A LONGER, MORE COMPLEX TRAINING, IMPLIED GREATER PROBLEMS FOR AMATEUR PARTICIPATION IN SCIENC

E．(T5)______, AND CAN BE ILLUSTRATED IN TERMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNITED KINGDO

M. A COMPARISON OF BRITISH GEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OVER THE LAST CENTURY AND A HALF REVEALS NOT SIMPLY AN INCREASING EMPHASIS ON THE PRIMACY OF RESEARCH, BUT ALSO A CHANGING DEFINITION OF WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ACCEPTABLE RESEARCH PAPER.THUS, IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, LOCAL GEOLOGICAL STUDIES REPRESENTED WORTHWHILE RESEARCH IN THEIR OWN RIGHT; BUT, IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY,LOCAL STUDIES HAVE INCREASINGLY BECOME ACCEPTABLE TO PROFESSIONALS ONLY IFTHEY INCORPORATE, AND REFLECT ON, THE WIDER GEOLOGICAL PICTUR

E．(T6)______ IN THEOLD WAY.THE OVERALL RESULT HAS BEEN TO MAKE ENTRANCE TO PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGICAL JOURNALS HARDER FOR AMATEURS, A RESULT THAT HAS BEEN REINFORCED BY THE WIDESPREAD INTRODUCTION OF REFEREEING, FIRST BY NATIONAL JOURNALS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THEN BY SEVERAL LOCAL GEOLOGICAL JOURNALS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY.AS A LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE OF THIS DEVELOPMENT, SEPARATE JOURNALS HAVE NOW APPEARED AIMED MAINLY TOWARDS EITHER PROFESSIONAL OR AMATEUR READERSHIP.A RATHER SIMILAR PROCESS OF DIFFERENTIATION HAS LED TO PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS COMING TOGETHER NATIONALLY WITHIN ONE OR TWO SPECIFIC SOCIETIES, WHEREAS THE AMATEURS HAVE TENDED EITHER TO REMAIN IN LOCAL SOCIETIES OR TO COME TOGETHER NATIONALLY IN A DIFFERENT WAY.