Text 3　　This year marks exactly twocenturies since the publication of Frankenstein;or, The Modem Prometheus, by MaryShelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow manyethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
　　Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, orconsciousness? What makes humans humans?”
　　What is being called artificial general intelligence,machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evadescientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look,move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.
　　Just howpeople think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced,says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in asituation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnessactually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”
　　But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issuesinvolving AI aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, forexample, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must makesplit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instantreflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and earstell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated asthat of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is adifficult programming problem.
　　Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “youquickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chiefexecutive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop avoluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their ownguidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AIethics strategy this spring.
　　On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI”that would cause “overall harm”, or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AIfor surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not todeploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.
　　While the statement is vague, it represents onestarting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should beexplainable, transparent, and fair.
　　To put it another way: How can we make sure that thethinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity's highest values? Only thenwill they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.

The author's attitude toward Google's pledges is one of _____.

A.affirmation

B.skepticism

C.contempt

D.respect