Text 1　　Unlike so-called basicemotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, inconjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms. Childrenaren't born knowing how to say “I'm sorry”; rather, they learn over time thatsuch statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This iswhy researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, tobe a good thing.
　　In the popular imagination, of course, guilt stillgets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it's the emotional equivalent ofwearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated.“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and whatrole guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at theUniversity of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a largerrecognition that emotions aren't binary—feelings that may be advantageous inone context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, mayhave evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can bedestructive.
　　And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply aboutour goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships.Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is akind of social glue.
　　Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Workby Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggeststhat guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies,Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent differentpathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may makeup for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in theirnastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
　　In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244children. Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, sherated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feelnegative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handedchocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. Forthe low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclinedthey were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though theyhadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's deprivation.
　　“That's good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocialbecause we caused harm and we feel regret.”

The word “transgressions”(Para.5) is closest in meaning to _____.

A.teachings

B.discussions

C.restrictions

D.wrongdoings